What is Monkeypox? A Comprehensive Guide

Monkeypox (Mpox), an uncommon viral disease, is gaining global attention. It is a less severe viral disease than smallpox, first identified in 1958. It primarily occurs in Central and West Africa, but recent outbreaks have brought it into the global spotlight.  In this guide, learn about Mpox symptoms, prevention strategies, and treatment options to stay informed.

Monkeypox Symptoms
 

Mpox is a zoonotic disease, meaning it spreads from animals to humans. The virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Rodents and primates are the primary carriers, but human-to-human transmission also occurs.   After the initial flu-like symptoms, it typically progresses with the following symptoms:

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Fatigue
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Chills

A rash usually develops after these symptoms, marking a key sign of the disease.

In addition, monkeypox rash often starts on the face before spreading to other parts of the body, including the hands and feet. The rash progresses through several stages:

• Flat lesions
• Raised bumps
• Fluid-filled blisters
• Scabs

The rash can be painful and itchy, and it often leaves scars after healing.
 

How is Monkeypox Diagnosed?

Diagnosing Mpox can be challenging due to its similarity to other viral infections like chickenpox. However, accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and prevention.

• Clinical Check: Doctors look at the patient's symptoms, paying close attention to the distinctive rash.
• Lab Tests: Samples from the skin, blood, or throat are tested to find the virus using a special technique called PCR.
• Patient History: Doctors consider the patient’s recent travel and any contact with infected animals or people to help make the diagnosis.

Early detection allows for better symptom management and reduces the risk of complications.

Is Monkeypox Contagious? How Does It Spread?

Yes, it is contagious, but it spreads less easily than many other viral diseases like COVID-19. It transmits through close contact with an infected person’s respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, or skin lesions. The virus can also spread by touching contaminated objects like bedding or clothing used by an infected person.

Animal-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or skin lesions of infected animals. Eating undercooked meat from infected animals can also transmit the virus.

How to Prevent Monkeypox?

Preventing the disease involves personal hygiene, awareness, and, in some cases, vaccination. Key prevention strategies include:

• Avoid Close Contact: Limit direct contact with people showing symptoms, especially those with a rash or skin lesions.
• Practice Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Use Protective Equipment: Healthcare workers and caregivers should wear masks, gloves, and protective gear when caring for infected individuals.
• Handle Animals Carefully: Avoid contact with wild animals, particularly in regions where the virus is common. Ensure meat is thoroughly cooked before eating.
• Vaccination: In some cases, especially for those at high risk, vaccination may be advisable.

How is Mpox Treated?

There’s no specific treatment for the disease, but it’s generally self-limiting, meaning it resolves on its own. Supportive care helps manage symptoms and prevents complications.

• Symptom Relief: Pain relievers and fever reducers like can help relieve discomfort.
• Hydration: Staying hydrated is crucial, especially if fever or vomiting occurs.
• Antiviral Medications: In severe cases, antiviral drugs may be used under medical supervision.

Patients should isolate themselves to prevent spreading the virus until all lesions have scabbed over and fallen off.

Is There a Vaccine for Monkeypox?

Yes, vaccines exist. The smallpox vaccine, effective in wiping out smallpox, also provides protection against monkeypox. A newer vaccine, JYNNEOS (or Imvamune/Imvanex), specifically protects against Mpox and is available in some countries. This vaccine is advisable for people at high risk, like healthcare workers or those in affected areas.

Is Mpox Dangerous?

It can be serious, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. The case fatality rate (CFR) varies by region and outbreak, ranging from 1% to 10%. Most cases are mild, and with proper care, the majority of people recover fully.

Where Has Mpox Been Reported?

As of 2024, the cases have been reported across several regions globally. The total number of confirmed cases worldwide has reached over 107,725.

The majority of these cases have been reported in the Region of the Americas. This accounts for approximately 64% of all cases. Europe follows with 27%, and the African region reports around 5.4% of the cases.

Significant outbreaks have occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United States, and Brazil. The DRC reported over 16,839 suspected cases. Many confirmed through lab tests, while the U.S. has reported over 32,000 cases.

The ongoing global spread highlights the need for vigilant monitoring, public health measures, and vaccine access to control the disease.

Click for more statistic details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_mpox_epidemic

https://www.paho.org/en/documents/situation-report-mpox-multi-country-outbreak-response-region-americas-30-august-2024

https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--extern